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The paper develops a new theory of group discrimination in which the discrimination in favor or against certain groups is simply a coordination device. It is built on the axiom that a person who gets to perform many tasks is more effective in carrying out each task, which implies increasing returns to productivity in doing the same task or strategic complementarity between doing different tasks. The theory helps us understand discrimination in free markets and the .finding of some empirical studies that show that people discriminate in job markets against certain groups even when all other traits are held constant. The model gives insight into the relation between group size, discrimination, and productivity.

Communities & human settlements --- Coordination --- Discrimination --- Economic theory & research --- Focal points --- Group identity --- Housing & human habitats --- Labor policies --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Market --- Markets & market access --- Race in society --- Social development --- Social protections and labor

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In Outside Lobbying, Ken Kollman explores why and when interest group leaders in Washington seek to mobilize the public in order to influence policy decisions in Congress. In the past, political scientists have argued that lobbying groups make outside appeals primarily because of their own internal dynamics--to recruit new members, for example. Kollman, however, grants a more important role to the need for interest group leaders to demonstrate popular support on particular issues. He interviewed more than ninety interest group leaders and policy makers active on issues ranging from NAFTA to housing for the poor. While he concludes that group leaders most often appeal to the public when they perceive that their stand has widespread popular support, he also shows that there are many important and revealing exceptions to this pattern. Kollman develops his theory of outside lobbying through a combination of rational choice modeling and statistical tests that compare public opinion data with data from his interviews about interest groups' policy positions and activities. The tests reveal that group leaders use outside lobbying to take advantage of pre-existing public preferences, not to recruit members or to try to generate the mere appearance of grass-roots support. Kollman's innovative book will clarify the complex relationship among lobbying, public opinion, and public policy, and will set a new standard for interest group research.

Lobbying --- Pressure groups --- United States. --- Constituent communication. --- 3M Corporation. --- American Petroleum Institute. --- Banks, Jeffrey. --- Bonner and Associates. --- Business Roundtable. --- Chaffee plan. --- Clinton, Bill. --- Donnelly, Brian (D-MA). --- Endangered Species Act. --- Exxon Corporation. --- First Amendment. --- General Motors Corporation. --- Gray Panthers. --- Greenpeace USA. --- Jews. --- Jones, Brian. --- Kernell, Samuel. --- Kingdon, John. --- LTV Corporation. --- Moe, Terry. --- Olson, Mancur. --- United We Stand. --- Wall Street Journal. --- Weingast, Barry. --- Zero Population Growth. --- agenda-shaping stage. --- conflict expansion. --- coordination problems. --- direct mail fundraising. --- factor analysis. --- focal points. --- framing. --- hat trick story. --- health care. --- inside lobbying. --- intensity dilemma. --- logit analysis. --- mail to Congress. --- mass media. --- need for action stage. --- persuasion theory. --- popularity. --- press conferences. --- referendums. --- resource mobilization theories. --- right wing groups. --- salience. --- senior citizen groups. --- signaling. --- teachers unions. --- truck drivers.

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A report by UNICEF on the health, education, working conditions, living conditions, etc. of children in the world in 1997.

ANNIVERSARIES. --- Assistencia a saude. --- CHILD DEVELOPMENT. --- CHILD HEALTH. --- CHILD NEEDS. --- CHILD SOLDIERS. --- CHILD SURVIVAL. --- CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICTS. --- Child Welfare. --- Child labor --- Child labor. --- Children --- Children. --- DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE. --- DISEASE CONTROL. --- Developing Countries. --- EDUCATION. --- FOCAL POINTS. --- LANDMINES. --- RIGHTS OF THE CHILD. --- SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS. --- STATISTICAL DATA. --- TREATIES. --- WAR VICTIMS. --- Health and hygiene --- Health and hygiene. --- UNICEF. --- World Summit for Children --- Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). --- Convention on the Rights of the Child --- Convention on the Rights of the Child. --- Developing countries. --- International Cooperation --- Social Welfare --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Internationality --- Sociology --- Population Characteristics --- Health Care --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Developing Countries --- Employment --- Child Welfare --- Adolescent Welfare --- Welfare, Adolescent --- Welfare, Child --- Child Health --- Child Health Services --- Social Work --- Employment Insecurity --- Employment Status --- Labor Force --- Marginal Employment --- Occupational Status --- Precarious Employment --- Status, Occupational --- Underemployment --- Employment Termination --- Employment Insecurities --- Employment, Marginal --- Employment, Precarious --- Insecurity, Employment --- Labor Forces --- Status, Employment --- Termination, Employment --- Rehabilitation, Vocational --- Work --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- General Social Development and Population --- Globalization --- International Aspects --- International Perspectives --- International Relations --- Multinational Aspects --- Multinational Perspectives --- Aspect, International --- Aspect, Multinational --- Aspects, International --- Aspects, Multinational --- International Aspect --- International Perspective --- Multinational Aspect --- Multinational Perspective --- Perspective, International --- Perspective, Multinational --- Perspectives, International --- Perspectives, Multinational --- Relations, International --- International Law --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Economics --- Community Services --- Services, Community --- Community Service --- Service, Community --- Welfare, Social --- Public Assistance --- Treaties --- Foreign Aid --- Aid, Foreign --- Cooperation, International --- Treaty --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic